Why Use a Large Vacuum Chamber in Microbiology? Vacuum chambers allow researchers to simulate low‑pressure environments, remove dissolved gases, and … Read more
Why Steam Sterilization Matters in Food Processing Foodborne pathogens cause an estimated 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths worldwide each … Read more
Introduction Autoclaves are the backbone of sterilization in microbiology, medicine, and many industrial processes. A 2024 survey by the International … Read more
Introduction Gel centrifugation is a cornerstone technique for separating, purifying, and concentrating microbial samples. By applying high relative centrifugal force … Read more
It is used for centrifugation Principle: Separate molecule on the basis of size and density. If size decrease it required … Read more
Spectrophotometer It an instrument which is used to measure optical density (O.D), concentration by using light, to determine conc. of … Read more
