Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV‑41) is a non‑enveloped double‑stranded DNA virus belonging to species F. Together with type 40, it is classified as an enteric adenovirus. Its icosahedral capsid measures about 70‑100 nm and encases a linear genome. HAdV‑41 is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide.
Biology and pathogenesis
Enteric adenoviruses are environmentally stable and resist gastric acid and bile salts. HAdV‑41 is transmitted via the faecal‑oral route, through contaminated water or food, and by person‑to‑person contact. After ingestion, the virus infects enterocytes in the small intestine and replicates within the nucleus. Cell lysis releases large numbers of virions into the intestinal lumen, leading to high viral shedding in stool. Systemic spread is uncommon, although immunocompromised patients may develop viraemia. Host immunity involves mucosal antibodies and cell‑mediated responses.
Clinical features and epidemiology
HAdV‑41 infections usually manifest as acute diarrhoea accompanied by vomiting and fever. Symptoms typically persist for three to seven days. The virus is responsible for a substantial proportion of hospitalisations for paediatric gastroenteritis after rotavirus and norovirus, particularly in developing countries. Severe dehydration can occur, and co‑infection with other enteric pathogens is common. Diagnosis relies on PCR or antigen detection assays. Treatment is supportive, focusing on rehydration and electrolyte replacement.
Human adenovirus 41 is a clinically important enteric adenovirus. Recognition of its role in paediatric diarrhoeal disease aids in the development of diagnostic strategies and infection control practices.
Related Terms: Human Adenovirus 40, Human Adenovirus 31, Human Adenovirus 55, Human Adenovirus 14