Human Adenovirus 41 is an enteric adenovirus belonging to species F of the genus Mastadenovirus. This non‑enveloped virus has an icosahedral capsid about 80 nm in diameter containing a linear double‑stranded DNA genome of roughly 35 kilobases. Along with adenovirus 40, HAdV‑41 is responsible for a substantial proportion of acute gastroenteritis cases in infants and young children worldwide. The virus is highly stable in the environment and resists many common disinfectants, enabling efficient transmission through the fecal‑oral route and contaminated water.
Structure and replication
The HAdV‑41 capsid is constructed from hexon and penton proteins and features two distinct fiber projections, one long and one short. The longer fiber binds to the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), while the short fiber may interact with glycan moieties on enterocytes. Following endocytosis and endosomal escape, the viral genome is transported into the nucleus where early proteins modulate host defenses and initiate DNA replication. Subsequent synthesis of structural proteins and genome packaging leads to assembly of progeny virions that accumulate in the nucleus until cell lysis releases them into the intestinal lumen. The dual fiber arrangement may contribute to the virus’s tropism for intestinal tissues and its ability to persist in the gastrointestinal environment.
Clinical significance and prevention
Human adenovirus 41 is a major cause of acute watery diarrhea in young children, second only to rotavirus and norovirus in many settings. Illness typically begins with vomiting followed by several days of non‑bloody diarrhea and low‑grade fever. Dehydration is a common complication, particularly in infants and in undernourished or immunocompromised individuals. Outbreaks have occurred in daycare centers, hospitals and communities with inadequate sanitation. Laboratory diagnosis relies on polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection assays performed on stool samples. There is no licensed vaccine for enteric adenoviruses and no specific antiviral therapy; management focuses on rehydration and electrolyte replacement. Preventive measures include improved sanitation, safe drinking water, handwashing and disinfection of contaminated surfaces. Human adenovirus 41 exemplifies the impact of enteric adenoviruses on childhood health. Recognition of its role in gastroenteritis and implementation of basic hygiene practices are essential for reducing transmission and protecting vulnerable populations. Related Terms: adenovirus 40, gastroenteritis, enteric adenovirus, diarrhea, rotavirus