Lujo virus is a novel Old World arenavirus associated with a small outbreak of severe hemorrhagic fever in Zambia and South Africa in 2008. The enveloped virus has a bi‑segmented, single‑stranded RNA genome and its reservoir host remains unidentified.
Explanation
Lujo virus belongs to the genus Mammarenavirus in the family Arenaviridae and is part of the Old World arenavirus group. Virions are approximately 50–300 nm, pleomorphic and enveloped, containing two single‑stranded RNA segments that encode the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein precursor, RNA‑dependent RNA polymerase and a zinc‑binding protein using an ambisense strategy. Lujo virus was first recognized in 2008 when a patient who had travelled from Zambia to South Africa developed a severe febrile illness with thrombocytopenia and bleeding. Four secondary cases occurred among healthcare workers, and the case fatality was 80 %. Genetic analysis revealed a distinct arenavirus related to Lassa and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses. The natural reservoir has not been identified but is presumed to be a rodent species. Transmission likely involves contact with infected rodent excreta and can occur between humans through contact with blood or bodily fluids.
2008 outbreak and aftermath
The initial outbreak involved five confirmed cases: a critically ill patient transported to a Johannesburg hospital and four healthcare workers who provided care. Only one patient survived after receiving intensive supportive therapy and intravenous ribavirin. The event highlighted the risk of nosocomial transmission of arenaviruses and prompted revisions of infection‑control protocols. Since 2008 no additional human cases have been reported, but surveillance continues in southern Africa to detect possible sporadic infections. Further ecological studies are needed to identify the reservoir host and understand the virus’s geographic range. Lujo virus represents a rare yet highly lethal Old World arenavirus with both zoonotic and person‑to‑person transmission potential. Heightened clinical awareness and strict infection‑control measures are essential to prevent similar outbreaks. Related Terms: Lassa virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, Sabia virus